Philosopher (era)
Position
Statement
Connection
Ptahhotep (Egypt, Fifth Dynasty, around 2400 BC.)
Agreement
The wise person aligns themselves with Ma'at, the just order, and prefers listening to violence.
The elders of the valley live according to an order that transcends discord.
Source : Maximes
Rishi (verses 1500–1200 AD.)
Agreement
Before being and non-being, the One breathed without breath; seers seek in their hearts the link of being
The psychics already sense the opening upstream of the duality
Source : Rig-Véda, Hymne de la création (Nasadiya Sukta), X, 129
Uddalaka Aruni (9th–8th centuries BC)
Agreement
In the beginning there was only Being, one without a second; "you are that"
The valley's multiplicity rests on a unity that the mountain recalls.
Source : Chandogya Upanishad, VI, 2, 1 ; VI, 8, 7
Thalès de Milet (624–546 AD.)
Mixed
A single principle, water, beneath the diversity of things; everything is full of gods
Unity within diversity is recognized, without a path of transformation
Source : Aristote, Métaphysique (témoignage), A, 3, 983b
Anaximandre de Milet (c. 610–c. 546 AD.)
Mixed
Opposites mutually atone for their injustices according to the order of time.
Discord is a law of the world that time brings back to measure
Source : Fragment (transmis par Simplicius), DK 12 B1
Lao-Tseu (VIe p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
Beauty and ugliness are born together; the One begets the Two
Duality arises from the One and returns to it; the Way is the passage.
Source : Tao-tö king, II ; XLII
Mixed
Ten pairs of opposites (limited/unlimited, one/many, good/bad) order the world
Duality is a law that the harmony of numbers makes audible, like a vibration
Source : Aristote, Métaphysique (témoignage sur les pythagoriciens), A, 5, 986a22
Bouddha (~Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Life is dissatisfaction (dukkha); the middle way avoids both extremes
Brevity and suffering are acknowledged; the path leads between the poles.
Source : Discours de la mise en mouvement de la roue de la Loi (Samyutta-nikaya), LVI, 11
Mixed
The wise person seeks harmony in difference, the vulgar person seeks uniformity without harmony
The concord of the wise does not eliminate duality, it reconciles it.
Source : Entretiens (Lunyu), XIII, 23
Agreement
The path that goes up and down is one and the same path; the struggle is common to all things
The daily ascent and return to the valley form a single path
Source : Fragments, DK 22 B60 ; B80
Mixed
Mortals have posited two forms, light and night; Truth is one
Duality is the regime of mortal opinion; Oneness is openness.
Source : Poème, B8, v. 53-54
Empédocle (v. 494–434 AD.)
Mixed
Love and hate bring people together and separate them in turn.
Harmony and discord alternate like a cyclic law.
Source : Sur la nature, DK 31 B17
Socrate (verses 470–399 AD.)
Agreement
Pleasure and pain are linked like two heads on a single body; to philosophize is to practice detachment.
The wise person sees duality as a bond, not as a battle to be won.
Source : Platon, Phédon, 60b-c ; 64a
Leucippe (Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Disagreement
Nothing happens by chance, everything comes from reason and necessity; full and empty
The duality of fullness/emptiness remains material, without any opening beyond.
Source : Fragment (transmis par Aétius), DK 67 B2
Démocrite (v. 460–v. 370 AD.)
Disagreement
Sweet, bitter, hot, and cold are by convention; in truth, atoms and void
Appearances are recognized as masks, but duality remains.
Source : Fragments, DK 68 B9
Agreement
The prisoners in the cave mistake shadows for reality; he who ascends sees the light and descends again
The valley of shadows, the ascent and the return trace the same path as the text
Source : République, VII, 514a-517a ; 519c-520c
Mixed
The highest life is contemplative; through it, one immortalizes oneself as much as possible.
Contemplation is the path of the wise, but without transformation of duality.
Source : Éthique à Nicomaque, X, 7, 1177b
Mixed
Death is nothing to us; the wise man is free from turmoil.
The brevity of life is soothed by knowledge, without opening onto the beyond.
Source : Lettre à Ménécée, 124-125
Bhagavad-Gîtâ (Inside, env. IIe p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
To endure heat and cold, pleasure and pain; to become free from pairs of opposites; the illusion of duality arises from desire and aversion
Duality is the condition of the valley, and the wise person crosses it without clinging to it.
Source : Bhagavad-Gîtâ, II, 14-15 ; II, 45 ; VII, 27
Patañjali (2nd century AD–4th century AD)
Agreement
By mastering posture, pairs of opposites no longer reach
Daily practice of body and mind liberates one from dualities.
Source : Yoga-sûtra, II, 48
Lucrèce (v. 94–v. 55 of. J.-C.)
Mixed
The wise men built serene temples from which one can see men wandering
The wise men are on high and look down at the valley, but without changing what they see
Source : De la nature, II, 7-10
Agreement
It is not life that is short, it is the time we waste.
The brevity of hope calls for us to use each morning
Source : De la brièveté de la vie, I, 3
Mixed
Inner division: I am not doing the good I want to do; deliverance comes from elsewhere
Duality resides within man himself, and transformation comes from an openness
Source : Épître aux Romains, VII, 15-24
Mixed
Distinguishing what depends on us from what does not depend on us
The wise man stands at the border between two domains
Source : Manuel, 1
Évangile de Jean (Ier–IIe s.)
Agreement
Light shines in the darkness; darkness is preferred to light.
The light from above illuminates the valley without abolishing it.
Source : Évangile de Jean, 1, 5 ; 3, 19-21
Gnosticisme (Ier–IIIe s.)
Mixed
The world is a place of ignorance and aimless wandering; knowledge liberates
The valley is a place of getting lost, knowledge opens the way
Source : Évangile de vérité (Nag Hammadi)
Agreement
From dawn, expect to encounter the indiscreet, the ungrateful, the insolent, the deceitful.
Masks and cruelty are confronted every morning
Source : Pensées, II, 1
Agreement
No difference between saṃsāra and nirvāṇa
The top and the bottom do not separate; the opening is in the valley itself.
Source : Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, XXV, 19-20
Agreement
Flight from the alone to the Alone
Ascent is a return to the One through the many
Source : Ennéades, VI, 9 [9], 11
Augustin d'Hippone (354–430)
Mixed
Two loves have made two cities; the heart is restless until it finds rest in God.
The duality of the cities and the anxiety of the heart respond to the valley and the openness
Source : La Cité de Dieu, XIV, 28
Bhartrihari (~And so on.)
Agreement
The imperishable Brahman, the essence of the Word, manifests itself in a multiplicity of objects.
Multiplicity arises from an original vibration of the Word.
Source : Vākyapadīya, I, 1
Denys l'Aréopagite (Ve–VIe s.)
Agreement
Moses climbs the mountain towards the luminous darkness
The mountain is a place of openness and unknowing
Source : Théologie mystique, I, 3
Agreement
Pairs of opposites are based on a superposition (adhyāsa) on the Self
Duality is an appearance that knowledge dissolves.
Source : Commentaire des Brahma-sûtra, Introduction
Agreement
Consciousness is vibration (spanda); Shiva and Shakti are inseparable.
Vibration is the nature of openness, and duality is its manifestation.
Source : Tantrâloka
Agreement
The soul exiled in the dark West rises back towards the enlightened East
The valley is exile and the mountain is the return to the light
Source : Récit de l'exil occidental
Agreement
God is the First and the Last, the Apparent and the Hidden; the union of opposites
Opposites meet in the same reality
Source : Les Fusûs al-hikam
Maître Eckhart (~1260–1328)
Agreement
Detachment liberates the soul from multiplicity and restores it to unity.
The path of the wise consists of letting go of duality.
Source : Sermons, Sermon 52
Nicolas de Cues (1401–1464)
Agreement
Coincidence of opposites in infinity
Duality is transformed in the openness where opposites coincide
Source : De la docte ignorance, I, 4
Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592)
Mixed
To play one's role as if it were a borrowed character, without making it one's soul
The mask can be worn without being taken for oneself
Source : Essais, III, 10
Jean de la Croix (1542–1591)
Agreement
The ascent of Mount Carmel involves stripping away possessions and spending long nights.
Ascension is a path of purification and transformation
Source : La Montée du Carmel
Giordano Bruno (1548–1600)
Agreement
Opposites coincide in the One
The One is the opening where duality comes together
Source : De la cause, du principe et de l'un, Dialogue V
Agreement
Yes and No are the two poles from which everything originates.
Duality is the source of life and its transformation
Source : Aurora
René Descartes (1596–1650)
Disagreement
Soul and body are two distinct substances.
Duality is posited as the ultimate structure
Source : Méditations métaphysiques, VI
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
Mixed
What a chimera is man: grandeur and misery
The valley is misery, the opening is grandeur
Source : Pensées, Lafuma 131
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
Agreement
A single substance; bliss is as difficult as it is rare; the free man thinks of life
The path is arduous, but it dissolves duality into the unity of Nature.
Source : Éthique, I, 14 ; IV, 67 ; V, 42 scolie
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
Mixed
Garlands of flowers cover iron chains; politeness hides vices.
The masks of the valley conceal the cruelty
Source : Discours sur les sciences et les arts, 1re partie
Emmanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Mixed
Reason falls into antinomies that it cannot resolve on its own.
Duality is an inherent part of reason, which only another path can transcend.
Source : Critique de la raison pure, A426/B454
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
Agreement
The mind gains its truth by finding itself in absolute anguish.
Duality is traversed and transformed, not avoided.
Source : Phénoménologie de l'esprit, Préface, § 32
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854)
Agreement
Darkness and existence; love and evil arise from the same background
Shadow and light both originate from the same source.
Source : Recherches sur l'essence de la liberté humaine
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860)
Mixed
Maya's Veil; life oscillates between suffering and boredom
The valley is the veiled world, and the wise man lifts the veil.
Source : Le Monde comme volonté et comme représentation, I, § 3 ; IV, § 57
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
Mixed
Man is a synthesis of the finite and the infinite.
Duality is the very structure of the self, which exists between two poles.
Source : La Maladie à la mort, I, A, A
Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836–1886)
Agreement
Vidyā-māyā and avidyā-māyā; the Absolute and its Power are inseparable
Duality is a power of the One, and the wise person recognizes it.
Source : Évangile de Sri Ramakrishna (Kathāmrita)
William James (1842–1910)
Agreement
The divided self seeks its unification
The internal division finds a way out in an experiment of openness.
Source : Les Variétés de l'expérience religieuse, Conférence VIII
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
Mixed
The faith of metaphysicians is faith in opposing values; Zarathustra rises at dawn and descends from the mountain
The mountain and the morning are present, but the movement is that of descent
Source : Par-delà bien et mal ; Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra, § 2 ; Prologue, § 1
Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)
Agreement
God and the world are two complementary poles.
Opposite poles transform each other
Source : Procès et réalité, V, 2
Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902)
Agreement
Maya is the mixture of good and evil, the world of duality.
Duality is the play of maya that knowledge transcends.
Source : Jnana-yoga
Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950)
Agreement
The ego is linked to dualities, which higher consciousness transforms.
Duality is a passage from ignorance to a broader consciousness
Source : La Vie divine, I, ch. 3
Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961)
Agreement
The persona is a mask; the union of opposites leads to the Self.
The valley masks are integrated into a deeper unit
Source : Les rapports entre le moi et l'inconscient
Mixed
Two key words: I-Thou and I-That
The duality of attitudes creates the valley; the relationship is the openness.
Source : Je et Tu
Ramana Maharshi (1879–1950)
Agreement
The "Who am I?" inquiry dissolves dualities; Mount Arunachala is its home
The mountain is the place of openness, and the Self is its vibration.
Source : Qui suis-je ?
Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986)
Disagreement
Truth is a land without a path
No known path leads to the opening
Source : Discours de dissolution de l'Ordre de l'Étoile (1929)
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
Disagreement
The waiter is playing at being a waiter: bad faith and a mask
The masks of the valley are described without opening beyond
Source : L'Être et le Néant, I, ch. 2
Mircea Eliade (1907–1986)
Agreement
The sacred mountain is the center of the world, the axis between heaven and earth; the coincidence of opposites.
The mountain is the axis where duality opens towards the sacred
Source : Le Sacré et le profane, I
Agreement
Contradiction is the lever of transcendence.
The duality experienced to its fullest extent becomes a passage
Source : La Pesanteur et la grâce
Mixed
Sisyphus climbs the slope every day; one must imagine him happy.
The daily ascent is recognized as law, with no opening at the summit.
Source : Le Mythe de Sisyphe
Agreement
The implied order: the universe is an indivisible movement whose separate forms are abstractions.
Duality is a manifestation of an indivisible whole in motion
Source : La Plénitude de l'univers