Philosopher (era)
Position
Statement
Connection
Ptahhotep (Egypt, Fifth Dynasty, c. 2400 BC.)
Agreement
Self-control and listening form the basis of a life in harmony with Ma'at.
Serenity arises from an inner order that conforms to the order of the world.
Source : Maximes (Enseignement de Ptahhotep)
Ptahhotep (v. 2400 a.d. J.-C.)
Agreement
To live according to Ma'at, the just order, and to listen rather than dominate.
Discernment and right action precede accomplishment
Agreement
The origin remains an open question that only an introspective look can approach.
The same humility in the face of the ignorance that precedes knowledge
Source : Rig-Véda, X, 129 (Nasadiya Sukta)
Agreement
The Nasadiya Sukta questions the origin of creation and acknowledges human ignorance
Questioning and ignorance are the threshold of creation here.
Uddalaka Aruni (9th-8th centuries BC)
Agreement
Each person's Self is Being itself ("you are that")
The sacred union is more about recognition than conquest
Source : Chandogya Upanishad, VI, 8, 7
Uddalaka Aruni (9th-8th centuries BC)
Agreement
Everything is one Self (tat tvam asi)
The sacred union is a pre-existing unity, which must be recognized.
Thalès de Milet (624-546 by J.-C.)
Mixed
Knowing oneself is the most difficult thing (a maxim attributed to him).
It calls for self-examination, without describing any inner progress.
Source : Diogène Laërce, Vies et doctrines des philosophes illustres, Livre I
Thalès de Milet (624-546 by J.-C.)
Mixed
A single principle, water, beneath the diversity of things
The idea of unity, without the dimension of liberation
Anaximandre de Milet (c. 610-c. 546 AD.)
Mixed
Beings repay each other for their injustices according to the order of time.
The conflicts are part of a regulatory process, but without the desired serenity.
Lao-Tseu (VIe p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
Knowing oneself is light, conquering oneself is strength
Gentle force, without constraint or intervention
Source : Tao Te King, 33
Lao-Tseu (VIe p. of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Follow the Dao and act through non-action
Close to freedom and serenity, in tension with determination
Agreement
Progressive purification of the soul through discipline and self-examination
Gradual evolution, material and spiritual rules of life
Source : Vers d'or (tradition pythagoricienne)
Confucius (551-479 by J.-C.)
Mixed
A step-by-step journey in life towards freedom without transgression, supported by rituals.
Progression and rules, but social grounding rather than contemplation
Source : Entretiens (Lunyu), II, 4
Agreement
The purification of the soul through harmony and number
Gradual evolution and spiritual order
Agreement
The limits of the soul remain undiscoverable, so great is its depth.
Not all the "belts" can be reached
Source : Fragments, DK 22 B45
Bouddha (~Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
Ignorance breeds suffering, and liberation comes in stages.
Ignorance understood without blame, with a gradual path
Bouddha (~Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Mixed
The self is its own refuge, but there is no substantial self.
Agreement on personal effort, disagreement on individuality
Source : Dhammapada, 160
Confucius (551-479 by J.-C.)
Mixed
Cultivating virtue and rituals to harmonize the individual and society
It aligns with rules and personal development, but places less emphasis on liberation.
Socrate (verses 470-399 of. J.-C.)
Agreement
A life without examination is not worth living.
Inner development as a necessity
Source : Platon, Apologie de Socrate, 38a
Agreement
Conflict is the father of all things, and the Logos governs them.
Internal conflicts are the driving force behind a higher harmony.
Leucippe (Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Disagreement
Everything happens by reason and necessity.
A world of necessity leaves little room for free creation
Source : Fragments, DK 67 B2
Mixed
Being is one and unchanging; change is appearance.
Unity is agreed upon, but progress becomes illusory.
Démocrite (v. 460-v. 370 of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Good humor (euthymia) is a serenity of the soul obtained through moderation
Serenity of mind, but without a sacred dimension
Source : Fragments, DK 68 B191
Socrate (verses 470-399 of. J.-C.)
Agreement
No one does evil intentionally; evil comes from ignorance.
This is directly related to the failure to hold the ignorant individual accountable.
Platon (428-348 by J.-C.)
Agreement
The righteous person makes a harmonious unity of their inner parts.
Individuality and conflicting personalities, then unified
Source : République, IV, 443d-e
Leucippe (Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Disagreement
Everything is reduced to atoms and emptiness, according to necessity
The world obeys rules, but without spiritual purpose.
Démocrite (v. 460-v. 370 of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Serenity of the soul (euthymia) is the goal, in a world of atoms.
Same goal of serenity, on a materialistic foundation
Aristote (384-322 by J.-C.)
Agreement
Contemplation is man's highest activity.
Echoing the "contemplative" aspect of the SUC
Source : Éthique à Nicomaque, X, 1177a-1178a
Épicure (341-270 by J.-C.)
Mixed
It's never too early or too late to heal your soul
Serenity (ataraxia) yes, sacred union no
Source : Lettre à Ménécée, 122
Platon (428-348 by J.-C.)
Agreement
The soul rises from ignorance towards the contemplation of Goodness
Contemplation is the culmination of a gradual ascent
Bhagavad-Gîtâ (Inside, env. IIe p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
We rise through our own efforts, for the Self can be its own friend or its own enemy.
Internal conflict and the possibility of overcoming it
Source : Bhagavad-Gîtâ, VI, 5-6
Aristote (384-322 by J.-C.)
Mixed
Contemplation (theoria) is the highest human activity
It values contemplation, with an ethic of moderation rather than liberation.
Patañjali (2nd century BC - 4th century AD, dating uncertain)
Agreement
Yoga is the calming of mental fluctuations through practice and detachment.
Union et discipline progressive
Source : Yoga-Sūtra, I, 2 ; I, 12-14
Épicure (341-270 by J.-C.)
Mixed
Ataraxia, serenity, is achieved by dispelling fears.
The same goal of serenity, achieved through a path without sacred union.
Lucrèce (v. 94-v. 55 of. J.-C.)
Mixed
The terrors of the mind dissipate through knowledge of nature.
Liberation from fear through reason, without transcendence
Source : De rerum natura, I, 146-148
Bhagavad-Gîtâ (Inside, env. IIe p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
Acting without attachment to the fruit, the gunas act upon beings
Decisive action and no blame
Patañjali (IIe p. of. J.-C.-IVe p.)
Agreement
Yoga calms the fluctuations of the mind and dissolves ignorance (avidya).
Serenity, ignorance, and gradual progression
Agreement
To feel transformed, and not just corrected, by philosophy
The construction site of self
Source : Lettres à Lucilius, 6, 1
Mixed
The inner man is renewed every day; one inner law fights another
Internal division and renewal, but through grace rather than effort
Source : 2 Corinthiens ; Romains, 2 Co 4, 16 ; Rm 7, 15-25
Lucrèce (v. 94-v. 55 of. J.-C.)
Disagreement
Freeing the mind from fear through knowledge of nature
Relief from apprehensions, but without a sacred dimension.
Agreement
Distinguishing what depends on us from what does not depend on us
Discernment in the face of trials
Source : Manuel, 1
Mixed
The soul must practice serenity despite crises
Discernment and firmness, outside of any sacred union
Agreement
No retreat is more peaceful than that of one's soul
Inner serenity as a refuge and source of action
Source : Pensées, IV, 3
Mixed
Distinguishing what depends on us from what does not depend on us
Discernment and inner freedom, with more resignation
Agreement
Sculpting one's own statue until beauty shines forth
Self-creation as a path to union
Source : Ennéades, I, 6 [1], 9
Mixed
Accept the order of the world and act justly
Determination and acceptance of the rules, without mystical union
Augustin d'Hippone (354-430)
Agreement
Two wills are torn apart within a single being
Conflicting personalities
Source : Confessions, VIII, 5, 10
Agreement
The soul ascends towards the One through contemplation.
Joined the contemplative union
Augustin d'Hippone (354-430)
Mixed
The heart is restless until it rests in God.
A yearning for deliverance, with an emphasis on grace
Agreement
Discernment between Self and non-Self leads to liberation
Discernment and overcoming ignorance
Source : Vivekachudamani (attribué)
Agreement
He who knows himself knows his Lord (traditional saying)
Sacred union through self-knowledge
Source : Les Illuminations de La Mecque
Mixed
Ignorance (avidya) veils the Self, knowledge liberates
It combines ignorance and liberation, but creation is a matter of illusion.
Maître Eckhart (~1260-1328)
Agreement
Detachment opens the way to the birth of the divine in the soul.
Inner progression towards union
Source : Du détachement
Abhinavagupta (v. 950-1016)
Agreement
The world is the free, creative manifestation of consciousness
It grounds creation and freedom in the very nature of reality.
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
Agreement
To create a back room all to oneself
Inner withdrawal as the basis of freedom
Source : Essais, I, 39
Agreement
The world is a theophany continually recreated
Creation is a sacred manifestation
Maître Eckhart (~1260-1328)
Agreement
Detachment (Gelassenheit) opens the way to union with God
Serenity and unity through stripping away
Jean de la Croix (1542-1591)
Agreement
Gradual purification of the soul through the dark night
Crossing obscure manifestations
Source : La Nuit obscure
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Mixed
Conquering oneself rather than fortune
Self-control, but through reason
Source : Discours de la méthode, 3e partie, 3e maxime
Nicolas de Cues (1401-1464)
Agreement
Learned ignorance is the beginning of wisdom
Ignorance as the threshold of knowledge
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Mixed
All the misfortune stems from not knowing how to remain at rest in a room.
Human vulnerability, with salvation through grace
Source : Pensées, Br. 139 ; Laf. 136
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
Agreement
The universe is infinite and divine; the soul unites with it through a heroic impulse.
Union and creative momentum
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
Agreement
Beatitude is not the reward of virtue but virtue itself; the path is difficult and rare
Freedom as a conquest and serenity as a fruit
Source : Éthique, V, Prop. 42 et scolie
Agreement
Conflicting opposites are the driving force of divine life
Conflict and dark energies integrated into inner evolution
Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Mixed
To emerge from one's minority and dare to think for oneself
Autonomy, but without a "sacred union"
Source : Réponse à la question : Qu'est-ce que les Lumières ?, Début
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Mixed
Apply method and discernment to properly guide one's reason
Discernment, agreed, without a contemplative dimension
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
Mixed
Asceticism and the negation of the will to live as deliverance
Liberation through asceticism, but without creation
Source : Le Monde comme volonté et comme représentation, IV, § 68
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Mixed
The misery of man without God, but his grandeur in thought
Vulnerability, yes, but with more anxiety than serenity.
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
Agreement
The self is a relationship that relates to itself
The self as a task and despair as a crisis
Source : La Maladie à la mort, I, A, A
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
Mixed
Freedom is the knowledge of necessity, not blaming but understanding
It combines the absence of blame and serenity, with a stricter determinism
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)
Mixed
The world is a harmonious, progressive order.
Orderly evolution, but optimism more rational than spiritual
Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1886)
Agreement
Many paths lead to the same God, and attachment is the obstacle.
Sacred union and patience along the way
Source : L'Évangile de Ramakrishna
Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Mixed
The autonomy of reason is the source of moral freedom
Essential freedom, without contemplative union
William James (1842-1910)
Agreement
The divided self and its process of unification
Personalities in conflict, then united
Source : Les Variétés de l'expérience religieuse, Conférences VIII-IX
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Mixed
Three metamorphoses of the spirit: camel, lion, creative child
Creation and progression by stages, without sacred union
Source : Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra, I, « Des trois métamorphoses »
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
Agreement
The mind develops through conflict
Evolution through crises and contradictions
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Mixed
The self is not master in its own house
Internal division, but the sacred is seen there as an illusion
Source : Une difficulté de la psychanalyse (1917)
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
Disagreement
The world is suffering; aesthetic contemplation offers temporary solace.
Contemplation is fine, but pessimism about creation
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
Mixed
Anxiety is the vertigo of freedom
Vulnerability and freedom, with a leap of faith
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
Agreement
Every soul is potentially divine, and the goal is to manifest that divinity.
Achievement through inner effort
Source : Raja-Yoga, Introduction
Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1886)
Agreement
All paths lead to the Divine; the Mother is the source of all creation.
Unity and diversity of paths, towards liberation
Georges Gurdjieff (~1866/1877-1949)
Agreement
Man is a multiplicity of "I"s without a master
Conflicting personalities
Source : Ouspensky, Fragments d'un enseignement inconnu
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Mixed
Creating new value is the ultimate act of freedom.
The value of creation, but without contemplative liberation
Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)
Agreement
Evolution of consciousness towards a divine life
Inner evolution and fulfillment
Source : La Vie divine
Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
Agreement
Evolution is creative and duration is freedom
Evolution and creation as a movement of freedom
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
Agreement
Individuation and integration of the shadow
Obscure manifestations acknowledged and integrated
Source : Dialectique du moi et de l'inconscient
Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)
Agreement
Creativity is the ultimate principle of reality
He establishes creation as the essence of the world
Agreement
In the beginning is the relationship
Union as a meeting
Source : Je et Tu
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
Agreement
Every soul is divine and freedom is its goal
Freedom and unity as the essence of evolution
Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)
Agreement
The "Who am I?" survey dissolves ignorance
Returning to the Self as fulfillment
Source : Qui suis-je ? (Nan Yar?)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955)
Agreement
Union differentiates and evolution converges towards a center
Creative Union
Source : Le Milieu divin
Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)
Agreement
The evolution of consciousness leads to a transformation of nature
Gradual evolution towards a higher state of consciousness
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
Agreement
Individuation integrates the shadow and reconciles personalities.
Individuality, personalities, and dark energies to integrate
Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986)
Disagreement
The truth is a land without paths, without organization or stages
Rejection of "regulations" and step-by-step progression
Source : Discours de dissolution de l'Ordre de l'Étoile (1929)
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
Mixed
Existence precedes essence, and man comes into being freely.
Freedom and self-creation, without a sacred dimension
Source : L'existentialisme est un humanisme (1946)
Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)
Agreement
Seeking "who am I?" dissolves ignorance of the Self.
It combines ignorance and liberation, without going through action.
Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995)
Disagreement
The face of another person calls out to me and compels me.
This contradicts the "No" to the questioning.
Source : Totalité et Infini (1961)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955)
Mixed
Evolution converges towards a point of collective consciousness
Conscious evolution, yes, but its perspective is collective.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
Agreement
Self-actualization at the top of needs
Accomplishment and achievement
Source : A Theory of Human Motivation (1943)
Paramahansa Yogananda (1893-1952)
Agreement
Meditation unites the soul with the Spirit in stages
Contemplative union and gradual progression
Agreement
Attention as a path to grace and self-denial
Patience contemplative
Source : La Pesanteur et la Grâce
Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986)
Disagreement
Freedom has no path; any gradual method is an obstacle.
Rejects the idea of step-by-step progression and rules
Mixed
We must imagine Sisyphus happy
Clear-sightedness in the face of the crisis, without national unity
Source : Le Mythe de Sisyphe, Dernières pages
Mixed
Acting with a responsibility towards the future of life
Identifying and preventing dangers, but with an ethic oriented towards others.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
Disagreement
Man is condemned to be free and creates himself through his choices.
Freedom and creation, without spiritual rules or sacred union
Agreement
Ancient philosophy is a practice of spiritual exercises.
Inner development as a way of life
Source : Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique
Michel Foucault (1926-1984)
Mixed
Self-care as self-improvement, but viewed critically through the lens of norms.
Convergence on self-improvement, divergence on "regulations"
Source : L'Herméneutique du sujet (cours 1981-1982)
Mixed
Pure attention is a form of prayer
Contemplation and discernment, with an emphasis on misfortune
Byung-Chul Han (born in 1959)
Disagreement
Self-optimization is a form of self-exploitation
Warns against the term "optimization"
Source : La Société de la fatigue (2010)
Disagreement
To experience revolt lucidly in the face of the absurd
Fighting crises, without deliverance or unity
Byung-Chul Han (born in 1959)
Mixed
The performance-driven society is exhausting and prevents contemplation.
He criticizes the theme of optimization and defends contemplation.
Rows without a source are being verified.