Philosopher (era)
Position
Statement
Connection
Ptahhotep (Egypt, Fifth Dynasty, around 2400 BC.)
Agreement
Listening is beneficial to the listener; it is the foundation of success and moderation (Ma'at).
Hearing and Shabda as the first reception of what is to be created
Source : Maximes (Enseignement de Ptahhotep), Épilogue (éloge de l'écoute)
Rishi (Inde, between 1500-1200 AD.)
Agreement
In the beginning, desire is the first seed of the spirit, which the wise find in the heart through meditation
The seed of creativity and the contemplation that reveals it
Source : Rig-Véda (Nasadiya Sukta), X, 129, 4
Uddalaka Aruni (India, 9th-8th centuries BC.)
Agreement
Everything proceeds from Being; fire (tejas), water, and earth; the invisible seed gives rise to the tree; Tat tvam asi
Tejas, the subtle seed and the unity of the creator and being
Source : Chandogya Upanishad, VI, 2-4 ; VI, 8 ; VI, 12
Thalès de Milet (624-546 by J.-C.)
Mixed
A single, nourishing principle: water, from which the seeds of all things originate.
The field and the seed, but without a contemplative dimension
Source : Aristote, Métaphysique (rapporté), A, 3, 983b
Lao-Tseu (VIe p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
Without desire one sees the mystery, with desire one sees the manifestations; moral virtue is but a fall from the Dao
Desire as a veil for the ego; morality as a stepping stone, not a summit
Source : Daodejing, Ch. 1 ; ch. 38
Mixed
Men shape their gods in their own image; no one knows the full truth.
The creator projects his ego into the work
Source : Fragments (Diels-Kranz), 21 B15 ; B34
Agreement
The disciples remained silent and listened attentively; the harmony of numbers governed the world.
Hearing and Shabda; creation as harmony
Source : Aucun écrit conservé (transmis par Jamblique, Vie de Pythagore)
Confucius (551-479 by J.-C.)
Mixed
He considers himself more of a transmitter than a creator; at seventy years old, he follows the desires of his heart without transgressing the rule.
Moral culture of the field and overcoming attractions
Source : Entretiens (Lunyu), VII, 1 ; II, 4
Mixed
Eyes and ears are poor witnesses for one with a barbaric soul; yet he prefers what is heard and seen; "I have sought myself"
The senses support creation, but only the awakened soul reads them
Source : Fragments (Diels-Kranz), 22 B55 ; B101 ; B107
Bouddha (~Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
The mind precedes all things; desire binds
Contemplation and ego as the source of action
Source : Dhammapada, Versets 1-2
Disagreement
Don't let habit rule an eye that doesn't see and an ear that doesn't hear.
Distrust of the sensory domain
Source : Poème, B7, v. 3-4
Leucippe (Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Disagreement
Nothing happens without reason, everything by reason and necessity; atoms and void
Creation without spiritual seed
Source : Du Noûs, DK 67 B2
Socrate (verses 470-399 of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Poets create through inspiration without knowledge; an unexamined life is not worth living.
Creation, reflection, and morality
Source : Platon, Apologie, 22b-c ; 38a
Démocrite (v. 460-v. 370 of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Flavor is convention, in reality atoms and emptiness; the inspired poet is very beautiful
Deceptive meanings, but recognized inspiration
Source : Fragments (Diels-Kranz), 68 B125 ; B18
Platon (428-348 by J.-C.)
Agreement
The poet is possessed by a god; the soul gives birth in beauty; divine madness
Inspired creation, ego surpassed
Source : Ion ; Banquet ; Phèdre, Ion 533d-534e ; Banquet 206b-e ; Phèdre 245a
Aristote (384-322 by J.-C.)
Mixed
Contemplation is the highest activity; all knowledge begins with the senses.
The senses as a starting point, contemplation as the summit
Source : Éthique à Nicomaque ; Métaphysique, X, 7, 1177a ; A, 1, 980a
Épicure (341-270 by J.-C.)
Mixed
Sensations are the criterion; moderation of desires leads to ataraxia
Meaning and mastery of attractions
Source : Lettre à Ménécée ; Maximes capitales, §127-130 ; Max. XXIII
Patañjali (IIe p. of. J.-C.-IVe p.)
Agreement
Yoga is the cessation of mental fluctuations; pratyahara, withdrawal of the senses
Methods of contemplation and the sensory domain
Source : Yoga-Sûtra, I, 2 ; II, 54
Lucrèce (v. 94-v. 55 of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Nature creates things from the seeds; reason liberates from fear
The seed, but materialistic
Source : De rerum natura, I, 54-61
Agreement
A sacred spirit dwells within us; create like the bees; precepts are not enough without doctrine
Cultivating the field; limits of moral teaching
Source : Lettres à Lucilius, 41 ; 84 ; 94-95
Évangile de Jean (Ier-IIe s.)
Agreement
In the beginning was the Word; the grain that falls into the earth must die to bear fruit
Shabda (the Word) and the seed
Source : Évangile selon Jean, 1, 1-5 ; 12, 24
Agreement
I planted, Apollos watered, God made it grow; the letter kills, the spirit gives life
The farmer and the limits of written morality
Source : 1re et 2e Épîtres aux Corinthiens, 1 Co 3, 6-7 ; 2 Co 3, 6
Agreement
Distinguishing what depends on us from what does not; mastering desires and aversions
Transcending attractions
Source : Manuel, §1
Agreement
Dig deep within yourself: therein lies the source of the good that always springs forth.
Cultivating the inner field
Source : Pensées, VII, 59
Agreement
All creation stems from contemplation; withdraw into yourself and sculpt your own statue
The central thesis of the text: contemplation purifies and grounds creation
Source : Ennéades, III, 8 ; I, 6, 9
Augustin d'Hippone (354-430)
Agreement
You shattered my deafness, illuminated my blindness, and I touched you
Hearing, sight, touch as pathways to the interior
Source : Confessions, X, 27
Agreement
Every producer produces while remaining stationary
Creation arises from contemplative rest.
Source : Éléments de théologie, Prop. 26
Bhartrihari (~And so on.)
Agreement
Brahman is Word, a sonic principle without beginning or end
Shabda as a creative principle
Source : Vākyapadīya, I, 1
Denys l'Aréopagite (Ve-VIe s.)
Agreement
Abandon the senses and the workings of the intellect to unite with the unknowable
Contemplation beyond the senses
Source : Théologie mystique, I, 1
Mixed
The created world belongs to Maya; the ego is a superimposition to be discarded.
Ego outgrown, but creation is put into perspective
Source : Vivekacūḍāmaṇi
Abhinavagupta (v. 950-1016)
Agreement
Creation is the free play of consciousness; the supreme Word precedes all manifestation
Shabda and creation as a manifestation
Source : Tantraloka
Mixed
The world is the body of God; the field (kshetra) and its knower
The field as body and consciousness
Source : Gîtâbhâṣya, XIII, 1-2
Agreement
The creative imagination of the heart gives form to theophanies.
Creativity and inner contemplation
Source : Fusûs al-hikam
Thomas d'Aquin (1225-1274)
Agreement
The contemplative life is superior; to transmit what one has contemplated
Contemplation and teaching
Source : Somme théologique, II-II, q. 188, a. 6
Maître Eckhart (~1260-1328)
Agreement
Detachment opens the depths of the soul where God is born
Ego and purification of the field
Source : Du détachement
Nicolas de Cues (1401-1464)
Agreement
Man is a creator in the image of the Creator.
Human creation and interiority
Source : Idiota de mente
Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
Agreement
We need to reserve a back room entirely for ourselves.
Inner withdrawal as the source of the work
Source : Essais, I, 39 ; III, 2
Jean de la Croix (1542-1591)
Mixed
The night of the senses and the mind leads to union
Transcendence of the senses
Source : Montée du Carmel, Livre I
Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
Agreement
Infinity manifests itself in the soul awakened by heroic furies.
Creative impulse and contemplation
Source : Des fureurs héroïques
Agreement
The divine manifestation arises from a bottomless abyss; the seed in nature
Seed, light and word
Source : Aurora
René Descartes (1596-1650)
Mixed
It is the mind, not the senses, that perceives wax
Distrust of the sensory
Source : Méditations, Méd. II
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Agreement
All unhappiness stems from the inability to remain at peace; the self is hateful.
Ego and contemplative rest
Source : Pensées, Lafuma 136 ; 597
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)
Agreement
Beatitude is not the reward of virtue but virtue itself; nature naturing
Passions overcome, morality transcended
Source : Éthique, V, prop. 42 ; I, prop. 29 sc.
Mixed
The self is merely a collection of perceptions; all ideas arise from impressions.
Ego without substance, but no spiritual seed
Source : Traité de la nature humaine, I, 1, 1 ; I, 4, 6
Emmanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Mixed
Genius dictates the rules of art; morality is founded on duty.
Free creation, but morality remains paramount.
Source : Critique de la faculté de juger, §46-49
Agreement
The mysterious path leads inward.
Create from within
Source : Blüthenstaub (Pollen), Fragment 16
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854)
Agreement
Art is the organ of philosophy; intellectual intuition
Creation and contemplation united
Source : Système de l'idéalisme transcendantal
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
Agreement
Aesthetic contemplation liberates the subject from the will
The ego is put aside by contemplation.
Source : Le Monde comme volonté et comme représentation, III, §38
Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)
Agreement
Faith suspends the ethical level
Transcending attractions and morality
Source : Crainte et tremblement, Problème I
Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1886)
Agreement
Butter is made from milk by churning in solitude; "me and mine" is ignorance
Ego and meditation as cultures
Source : Évangile de Sri Ramakrishna (Kathamrita)
William James (1842-1910)
Agreement
Mystical states have a noetic scope
Contemplation as knowledge
Source : Les Variétés de l'expérience religieuse, Conf. XVI-XVII
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Mixed
The child is a beginning, a game; but he scoffs at immaculate perception
A joyful creation, but critical of pure contemplation
Source : Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra, I, « Des trois métamorphoses » ; II, « De l'immaculée connaissance »
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Disagreement
Art is a sublimation of unsatisfied desires.
Creation explained by impulses
Source : Le Poète et l'activité de fantaisie
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938)
Agreement
The epoché suspends the natural attitude
Contemplation as a method
Source : Idées directrices I, §31-32
Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
Agreement
Duration is invention; intuition grasps life
Creativity as an inner drive
Source : L'Évolution créatrice, Ch. I
Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)
Agreement
Creativity is the ultimate category
Creativity as a universal principle
Source : Procès et réalité, I, ch. II
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
Agreement
Master the senses through pratyahara, then concentrate the mind.
Methods of contemplation
Source : Raja-Yoga, « Pratyahara et Dharana »
Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)
Agreement
Creation is the manifestation of the Divine; the creative Word; the transformation of nature
Creation as a manifestation
Source : La Vie divine
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961)
Agreement
Creation draws from the collective unconscious and the Self.
Transcending the ego
Source : De la relation de la psychologie analytique avec l'œuvre poétique
Agreement
In the beginning is the relationship
Transcending the self
Source : Je et Tu
Ramana Maharshi (1879-1950)
Agreement
The search for "Who am I?" dissolves the ego
I and contemplation
Source : Qui suis-je ? (Nan Yar?)
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
Mixed
Ethics is transcendental; what cannot be spoken of, must be silenced.
Limitations of teaching through morality
Source : Tractatus logico-philosophicus, 6.421 ; 6.522 ; 7
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
Agreement
Meditative thinking is opposed to calculating thinking.
Contemplation and creation
Source : Sérénité (Gelassenheit)
Paramahansa Yogananda (1893-1952)
Agreement
Aum, cosmic vibration, and inner light
Shabda and Tejas
Source : Autobiographie d'un yogi
Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895-1986)
Disagreement
Truth is a pathless land; no method leads to it.
Challenges the methods of contemplation
Source : Discours de dissolution de l'Ordre de l'Étoile (1929)
Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961)
Mixed
The painter creates with his body; the senses are the source of meaning.
Creation lies in the senses.
Source : L'Œil et l'Esprit
Agreement
Decreation; attention is the purest form of generosity
Renounce the ego
Source : La Pesanteur et la grâce, « Décréation »
Agreement
Creativity arises from a mind free from conditioning.
Creativity and self-transcendence
Source : On Creativity
Daniel Dennett (1942-2024)
Disagreement
The self is a narrative center of gravity
Ego without substance, without inner seed
Source : La Conscience expliquée, Ch. 13
Eckhart Tolle (born in 1948)
Agreement
Presence dissolves the ego and opens up creativity
I and contemplation
Source : Le Pouvoir du moment présent
Byung-Chul Han (born in 1959)
Agreement
Rediscovering the contemplative life in the face of hyperactivity
Contemplation and cultivation of the field
Source : Vita contemplativa