Philosopher (era)
Position
Statement
Connection
Ptahhotep (Egypt, Fifth Dynasty, c. 2400 BC.)
Agreement
Make listening the primary virtue of man in harmony with Ma'at
Listening precedes speaking, just as Shabda precedes light.
Source : Maximes (Enseignement de Ptahhotep)
Agreement
The Veda is "heard" (śruti); the Word (Vāc) and the fire-light (Agni) are primary.
Listening and light from the beginning, listening as a mode of revelation
Source : Rig-Véda, X, 125 ; X, 129
Uddalaka Aruni (9th–8th centuries BC)
Mixed
The red form of fire is tejas, the white is that of water; names and forms are the appearance of Being
Nuance on Tejas and white; distinction between appearance and reality
Source : Chandogya Upanishad, VI, 4 ; VI, 8, 7
Thalès de Milet (624–546 AD.)
Mixed
Everything is "full of gods"; the magnet has a soul
The divine in nature, without the practice of listening or light
Source : Aristote, De l'âme (rapportant Thalès), I, 5, 411a7
Mahavira (Jainism, 6th–5th centuries AD.)
Agreement
The colors of the soul (leśyā) range from black to white, passing through fire (tejas); white is the purest.
White = purity; colors and patterns as degrees of the soul
Source : Uttarādhyayana Sūtra (tradition jaïne), ch. 34
Agreement
Rejects a god with a human face; the divine sees, thinks, and hears in its entirety
Critique of an external divinity; sight and hearing united
Source : Fragments (Diels-Kranz), B15 ; B23 ; B24
Lao-Tseu (VIe p. of. J.-C.)
Mixed
The Tao observes itself without seeing itself, listens to itself without hearing itself; the great sound is rare; the sage tempers his brilliance
Primacy of the inaudible; distrust of brilliance
Source : Tao Te King, 14 ; 41 ; 56
Bouddha (~Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Mixed
Lights and visions of forms in meditation are imperfections to be traversed, not the goal
Echo of the warning against channelless illuminations
Source : Majjhima Nikāya, 128 (Upakkilesa Sutta)
Disagreement
Serve men before spirits; honor spirits by keeping them at a distance
A moral and ritual path, far removed from the contemplation of lights
Source : Entretiens (Lunyu), VI, 22 ; XI, 12
Mixed
It is wise to listen to the Logos; the world is an ever-burning fire; eyes and ears deceive a crude soul
Listen to the Logos and the fire of principle; prudence on the senses
Source : Fragments (Diels-Kranz), B50 ; B30 ; B107
Mixed
A journey towards the light guided by the daughters of the Sun; mortal opinion rests on light and night, truth on Being
Distinction between luminous appearance and reality
Source : Poème, B1 ; B8, 50–61
Leucippe (Ve p. of. J.-C.)
Disagreement
Everything comes from atoms and void, by necessity
No room for a standalone lighting plan
Source : Grand Système du monde (attribué), DK 67 B2
Agreement
An inner voice (daimonion) stops him and guides him
Inner voice akin to inner listening
Source : Platon, Apologie de Socrate ; Phèdre, 31c-d ; 242b-c
Démocrite (v. 460–370 BC.)
Disagreement
Color, sweet, and bitter exist only by convention; in reality, atoms and void
Colors as a convention, not as a message of reality
Source : Fragments (Diels-Kranz), B9 ; B125
Agreement
Goodness is like the sun; knowledge springs forth like a spark after long exposure.
Light, source of truth; prior patience (the 1000 minutes)
Source : République ; Lettre VII, VI, 508a-509b ; VII, 514a-517c ; Lettre VII, 341c-d
Zhuangzi (IVe p. of J.-C.)
Agreement
Listen not with the ear but with the breath (fasting of the heart); from the empty room is born white light; the butterfly's dream questions reality
Listen, then white light, and the question of illusion
Source : Zhuangzi, ch. 2 ; ch. 4
Disagreement
Light is the act of transparency; the senses are the path to knowledge
Natural light, no spiritual sign
Source : De l'âme, II, 7, 418b
Mixed
Every sensation is true; error arises from added opinion.
Responding to "authentic or illusory": the error lies in the judgment
Source : Lettre à Hérodote (Diogène Laërce, X), X, 31–32 ; 46–53
Bhagavad-Gîtâ (Inside, env. IIe p. of. J.-C.)
Agreement
A vision of a thousand suns' brilliance, perceived by a divine eye; Om as the supreme syllable
Light and sound combined; vision requires another organ
Source : Bhagavad-Gîtâ, VIII, 13 ; XI, 8 ; XI, 12
Patañjali (2nd century AD–4th century AD)
Mixed
There is an inner light and a divine hearing, but these powers are obstacles to absorption.
The phenomena are real as stages, not as goals
Source : Yoga Sûtra, I, 36 ; III, 32 ; III, 37 ; III, 41
Lucrèce (v. 94–55 of. J.-C.)
Disagreement
The visions come from simulacra of atoms; they must be explained without fear.
Material explanation of the apparitions
Source : De la nature, IV, 722 sqq.
Agreement
Enraptured in the third heaven, he hears ineffable words; light and voice on the road to Damascus (Acts)
Light and voice, on the threshold of the unspeakable
Source : 2 Corinthiens ; Actes des Apôtres, 2 Co 12, 2-4 ; Ac 9, 3-9
Gnosticisme (Ier–IIIe s.)
Agreement
The light is within the man of light; "I am the light that is upon them all."
Interior light rather than exterior light
Source : Évangile selon Thomas, logion 24 ; 77
Évangile de Jean (Ier–IIe s.)
Agreement
In the beginning was the Word, and the life was the light of men; the true light
Word (sound) then light; "true" light versus the illusory
Source : Évangile selon Jean, 1, 1-9
Mixed
Two truths: phenomena are devoid of inherent nature but function
Neither pure illusion nor absolute reality of apparitions
Source : Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, XXIV, 8-10
Agreement
Close your eyes and awaken another vision; turn inward and sculpt your own statue
Shifting the view from the outside to the inside
Source : Ennéades, I, 6, 8-9
Augustin d'Hippone (354–430)
Agreement
What he loves in loving God: a light, a voice, a fragrance of the inner man, not those of the body
Inner light and voice, distinct from external ones
Source : Confessions, X, 6, 8
Mixed
Everything appears as mere representation, like the spots before the eyes of a sick person
Furniture and landscapes as appearances of consciousness
Source : Vasubandhu, Vingt versets (Viṃśatikā), v. 1-4
Bhartrihari (~And so on.)
Agreement
Brahman is Word (śabda-tattva); all knowledge is imbued with the word.
Shabda as a principle
Source : Vākyapadīya, I, 1 ; I, 123
Denys l'Aréopagite (Ve–VIe s.)
Mixed
God is superluminal darkness, beyond all nameable light
Light out of order; warning against stopping at the light
Source : Théologie mystique, I, 1 ; V
Mixed
The world is a superposition (adhyāsa) upon Brahman, like the rope mistaken for a snake
Illusory or authentic, depending on the level of knowledge
Source : Commentaire des Brahma-Sûtra, Introduction (adhyāsa-bhāṣya)
Disagreement
If you encounter the Buddha, kill him: do not become attached to visions.
Lights as obstacles
Source : Entretiens de Linji
Agreement
Consciousness is light (prakāśa) conscious of itself (vimarśa); the Word unfolds to paśyantī, "she who sees"
Light and sound as two sides of consciousness
Source : Tantrāloka
Agreement
The Sufis first see angels and lights; knowledge comes from a light cast into the heart
Inner light as a source of knowledge
Source : L'Erreur et la Délivrance (Al-Munqidh min al-ḍalāl)
Disagreement
Primacy of rational demonstration over the path of inner experience
Distrust of the experience criterion
Source : Discours décisif (Faṣl al-maqāl)
Mixed
God has no body; the verbs of "seeing" refer to intellectual knowledge
Rejection of an external divinity, but not of luminous practice
Source : Guide des égarés, I, 1-5 ; I, 50-60
Najm al-Din Kubra (1145–1220)
Agreement
Describes the colored lights of dhikr as stages of the Sufi path
Colors of light and their meaning
Source : Fawā'iḥ al-jamāl
Agreement
Reality is the Light of lights; Eastern wisdom is verified by phosphasia.
Light as a degree of being
Source : Hikmat al-ishrāq (Philosophie de l'illumination)
Mixed
The imaginal world is real, situated between the sensible and the intelligible.
Actual status of appearances
Source : Les Illuminations de La Mecque
Mixed
To study the Way is to study oneself, then to forget oneself.
Egocentric adjustment through self-forgetfulness
Source : Shōbōgenzō, Genjōkōan
Agreement
The song of the reed (ney) begins with "listen" and speaks of the nostalgia for the origin
Listening as a path
Source : Mathnawī, I, 1-18
Thomas d'Aquin (1225–1274)
Disagreement
God cannot be seen by the eye of the body; no one sees him in this way in this life.
Sensitive lights are not God
Source : Somme théologique, I, q. 12, a. 3 ; a. 11
Maître Eckhart (~1260–1328)
Mixed
God without image or name; spark of the soul; detachment from images
Inner spark, distrust of images
Source : Sermons allemands
Grégoire Palamas (1296–1359, Orthodoxy)
Agreement
The light of Tabor is real, uncreated, seen in the prayer of the heart (Hesychasm)
Authenticity of the light affirmed
Source : Triades pour la défense des saints hésychastes
Agreement
The Shabda (Word) is the inner path
Shabda central
Source : Bījak, section Śabda
Guru Nanak (1469–1539, Sikhism)
Agreement
Shabad is the Guru; the Divine Light (Jot) is in every being
Shabad and light combined
Source : Japji Sahib ; Guru Granth Sahib
Agreement
The divine light withdraws (tsimtsum), then bursts forth into vessels that shatter.
Light and risk of dispersion
Source : Etz Haïm (rédigé par Haïm Vital)
Jean de la Croix (1542–1591)
Disagreement
Visions, lights, and inner words are not means of union: do not dwell on them.
The clearest warning
Source : Montée du Carmel, II, 11-17
Agreement
See the light pierce the qualities; colors and forces are born
Colors and light
Source : Aurore
Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)
Mixed
Night of Fire (Memorial); the heart has its reasons
The fire of experience, without visions described as evidence
Source : Pensées ; Mémorial, Lafuma 423
Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
Mixed
Imagination is not an error in itself; the error lies in ignoring the cause.
Real appearance as appearance, but misunderstood
Source : Éthique, II, 35, scolie
Mixed
The self is merely a collection of perceptions.
My unfixed self, close to egocentric adjustment, without practice
Source : Traité de la nature humaine, I, 4, 6
Emmanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Disagreement
A visionary's visions are explained by imagination.
Distrust in the reality-based value of visions
Source : Rêves d'un visionnaire
Mixed
Praise of light, then preference for the sacred night
Inverted light/night hierarchy
Source : Hymnes à la nuit, I
Bahá’u’lláh (1817–1892, Bahá'í)
Mixed
Divine manifestations are mirrors of God's light, which remains inaccessible.
Reflected light, not direct light
Source : Le Livre de la Certitude
Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836–1886)
Agreement
He hears the primordial sound (Aum, Shabda-Brahman) and sees lights in meditation
Lived experience of sound and light
Source : L'Évangile de Râmakrishna (Kathāmṛta)
William James (1842–1910)
Mixed
Photisms are real data; the mystical state has a value of knowledge without any guarantee of truth
Status of the light experiment
Source : Les Formes multiples de l'expérience religieuse, Conf. IX ; XVI-XVII
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
Disagreement
Religion as illusion; the "oceanic feeling"
Psychological explanation
Source : Malaise dans la civilisation, ch. I
Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902)
Mixed
Treat subtle experiences as steps, not as the goal
Light and sound as landmarks
Source : Râja-Yoga
Georges Gurdjieff (~1866/1877–1949)
Mixed
The body has energy "accumulators" that need to be charged through attention; don't take anything at face value.
Battery image
Source : Fragments d'un enseignement inconnu (P. D. Ouspensky)
Agreement
The sacred cannot be reduced to the moral: a mystery that is both formidable and fascinating.
Critique of a purely moral divinity
Source : Le Sacré
Sri Aurobindo (1872–1950)
Mixed
It distinguishes between inner vision and hearing, with their symbolic colors, subordinate to the transformation of nature.
Subtle meanings and colors
Source : Lettres sur le Yoga
Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961)
Agreement
Circle, light, and mandala as symbols of the Self; circulation of light
White circle in motion
Source : Commentaire du Mystère de la Fleur d'or
Ramana Maharshi (1879–1950)
Mixed
Visions are objects; asking "who sees?" leads back to Being.
Primacy of the seer over the seen
Source : Qui suis-je ?
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955)
Agreement
The divine is diaphanous in the universe; consciousness and energy go together
Consciousness and energy
Source : Le Milieu divin
Martin Heidegger (1889–1976)
Agreement
Hearing is an integral part of discourse
The primacy of listening
Source : Être et temps, § 34
Paramahansa Yogananda (1893–1952)
Agreement
Describes the "spiritual eye" (golden light, blue light, white star) and the sound of the Aum
Colorful lights and sound
Source : Autobiographie d'un yogi
Jiddu Krishnamurti (1895–1986)
Disagreement
Rejects any method and any experience as a path to truth
Review of the 1000 minutes
Source : La Vérité est un pays sans chemin (1929)
Disagreement
Sight is the noblest of the senses: distance and simultaneity
Reverse the listening/viewing hierarchy
Source : Le Phénomène de la vie, ch. 6
Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995)
Mixed
Criticize the light that makes the other the same; privilege the spoken word.
Listening is more ethical than sight
Source : Totalité et Infini
Abraham Joshua Heschel (1907–1972)
Agreement
The religious aspect is surprisingly radical, with no outward behavior.
Inner spirituality versus exteriority
Source : Dieu en quête de l'homme
Agreement
The universe is an indivisible whole; appearance is an unfolding of an inherent order.
Matter, energy, consciousness are linked
Source : La Plénitude de l'univers
Agreement
Life reveals itself to itself from within, before any external world
Inside versus outside
Source : L'Essence de la manifestation
Daniel Dennett (1942–2024)
Disagreement
Conscious experience is explained by brain processes, without any "inner drama".
Natural explanation of the lights
Source : La conscience expliquée